![]() Rebuilding a country’s human and economic capital after a war takes decades. 4 The fight to dislodge the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in a dense urban environment resulted in devastating losses of civilian life and the destruction of civilian infrastructure the protracted displacement of civilians and the disruption of education, health services, and employment. Warfare that centers on destroying an enemy through decisive victory has historically carried devastating consequences for civilians. The United States has also invested in emerging technologies like robotic and autonomous systems, artificial intelligence, and hypersonic weapons. military to fight a war that could be “more chaotic, intense, and highly destructive” than it has seen in decades, 2 the armed forces have shifted from a counterinsurgency “population-centric” approach to enemy-centric operations that are focused on lethality, sharp war, and the need to annihilate an adversary. And yet, a war involving the United States and its allies against Russia over the Baltic states, or against China over Taiwan, could bring about a level of devastation not seen since World War II, even without the use of nuclear weapons. Daily images coming out of Ukraine of civilian deaths and displacement and the destruction of civilian infrastructure, after a decade of similar scenes emerging from Syria and Iraq, make it hard to fathom that the future could hold even larger and deadlier conflicts. ![]()
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